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- name: Neurodata Without Borders (NWB)
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- - name: two-photon microscopy technique
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- citation: Klienfeld, David; Yao, Pantong; Liu, Rui; Broginni, Thomas; Thunemann, Martin;
- University of California, San Diego; Boston University; University of California,
- San Diego (2023) Guide to the construction and use of an adaptive optics two-photon
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- dateCreated: '2023-03-02T21:52:11.686223+00:00'
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- description: Two-photon microscopy, combined with appropriate optical labeling, has
- enabled the study of structure and function throughout animals and their organ systems,
- especially nervous systems. This methodology enables, for example, the measurement
- and tracking of sub-micrometer structures within brain cells, the spatio-temporal
- mapping of spikes in individual neurons, and the spatio-temporal mapping of transmitter
- release in individual synapses. Yet the spatial resolution of two-photon microscopy
- rapidly degrades as imaging is attempted at depths more than a few scattering lengths
- into tissue, i.e., below the superficial layers that constitute the top 300 to 400 µm
- of neocortex. To obviate this limitation, we measure the wavefront of the guide
- star at the focus of the excitation beam and utilize adaptive optics that alters
- the incident wavefront to achieve an improved focal volume. We describe the construction,
- calibration, and operation of a two-photon microscope that incorporates adaptive
- optics to restore diffraction-limited resolution throughout the nearly 900 µm depth
- of mouse cortex. Our realization utilizes a guide star formed by excitation of red-shifted
- dye within the blood serum to directly measure the wavefront. We incorporate predominantly
- commercial optical, optomechanical, mechanical, and electronic components; computer
- aided design models of the exceptional custom components are supplied. The resultant
- adaptive-optics two-photon microscope is modular and allows for expanded imaging
- and optical excitation capabilities. We demonstrate our methodology in mouse neocortex
- by imaging the morphology of somatostatin-expressing neurons that lie 700 µm beneath
- the pia, calcium dynamics of layer 5b projection neurons, and thalamocortical glutamate
- transmission to L4 neurons.
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