redasa-covid-data-dataset/s3://pansurg-curation-workflo-kendraqueryresults50d0eb-open-data/redasa1-Q38-100/docs/0055_pansurg_6736e2d5-4a84-4e3b-a13d-7596ef32b346_1591730933_48d93f079665f1c26c4a5bb326d6161ba0575f95.txt

# URL to online version

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012369220305729
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32243944/
https://api.elsevier.com/content/article/pii/S0012369220305729
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2020.03.040


# Title

Safety of Ibuprofen in Patients With COVID-19 Causal or Confounded?


# Abstract




# Main text

The evidence behind this controversy comes anecdotally from an infectious diseases specialist in France who reported four cases of worsening symptoms of COVID-19,1 which we could not identify in the published literature. The second source was a letter written by Fang et al,4 where they claimed that ibuprofen may worsen associated symptoms in those infected with COVID-19. They argued that coronaviruses bind to angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, and ibuprofen administration can increase the bioavailability of angiotensin-converting enzyme-2, therefore potentiating and enhancing the infectious processes of coronaviruses.4


One needs to be cautious on drawing conclusions from evidence that is derived from mechanistic or theoretical pharmacology. There are a number of examples in the literature where evidence from mechanistic studies is not always corroborated with data from clinical trials. For example, some studies have shown that coadministration of ibuprofen with aspirin can counteract the antiplatelet effectiveness of aspirin when thromboxane levels are measured.5 This hypothesis, however, was refuted in a large randomized controlled trial.6


Other investigators7 have also advocated to not use ibuprofen based on previous studies that have shown negative outcomes among ibuprofen users. For example, a database study from France found that patients who had prehospitalization use of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs for symptoms of community-acquired pneumonia developed more severe pneumonia and stayed hospitalized longer than nonusers.8 Another study examined risk factors for complicated community-acquired infection in children.9 Both ibuprofen (OR, 3.27; 95% CI, 1.11-9.65) and acetaminophen (OR, 2.68; 95% CI, 1.37-5.23) were identified as risk factors.9


Epidemiologic studies that have identified ibuprofen with negative respiratory outcomes are subject to a number of biases. These biases include protopathic bias, where ibuprofen is used to relieve symptoms of a viral infection, including COVID-19, making it seem like ibuprofen is the culprit. Confounding by disease severity (also referred to as channeling bias) should also be considered in many of these studies, especially those which compared this risk with nonusers. Patients with more severe viral infections including influenza or COVID-19 are more likely to use a stronger antiinflammatory drug such as ibuprofen than acetaminophen. Therefore, a potential harmful outcome is more likely to be caused by a more severe infection for which ibuprofen is prescribed, rather than the drug.

Because a randomized trial would not be suitable to answer this question, a large population-based observational cohort or case-control study might be the ideal study design that can answer this question. However, having the ideal data source might be a challenge for this study because it needs to adequately address confounding, especially confounding by disease severity and measurement error (also referred to as misclassification of exposure), because many people use ibuprofen over the counter in addition to prescription medication.

In summary, the current epidemiologic evidence is not strong enough to infer a causal link of a harmful effect of ibuprofen in patients with COVID-19. Evidence from mechanistic studies alone should not be used to make strong statements against use of ibuprofen. Given the current strength of the evidence on this topic, we advise that patients use acetaminophen monotherapy for fever reduction in a patient with COVID-19, as per the WHO recommendations.3 If acetaminophen alone cannot achieve its antipyretic effect, the current evidence is not sufficient to advise against coadministration of ibuprofen with acetaminophen; however, risk of adding ibuprofen should still be assessed against its benefits.